[1]:

from itertools import chain

from pystencils.session import *
from lbmpy.session import *
from lbmpy.moments import moments_up_to_component_order, exponent_tuple_sort_key, MOMENT_SYMBOLS
from lbmpy.methods import DensityVelocityComputation, create_from_equilibrium, CollisionSpaceInfo
from lbmpy.equilibrium import GenericDiscreteEquilibrium, ContinuousHydrodynamicMaxwellian

from pystencils.sympyextensions import scalar_product as dot


# Demo: Lattice Boltzmann Methods for the Shallow Water Equations¶

In this notebook we present how lbmpy’s low-level method definition interface may be used to rapidly set up two lattice Boltzmann models for solving the shallow water equations (SWE). The shallow water equations approximate the Navier-Stokes equations in a regime where the vertical length scale of the flow is much smaller than the horizontal length scales. Velocity is thus averaged across the third dimension, and density is replaced by water column height $$h$$.

We reconstruct the central moment-based method presented by De Rosis in https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2017.03.001 and the cumulant-based method of Venturi et al. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2019.103474).

[2]:

d2q9 = LBStencil(Stencil.D2Q9)

# gravitational acceleration
g = sp.Symbol('g')

# water column height
h = sp.Symbol('h')

# velocity
u = sp.symbols(f'u_:{d2q9.D}')

# relaxation rate
ω_s = sp.Symbol('omega_s')

# moment variables
x, y, _ =  MOMENT_SYMBOLS


## Discrete Shallow Water Equilibrium¶

The central moment-based method makes use of the discrete shallow water LB equilibrium, which was originally defined by Zhou et al. in https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7825(02)00291-8. We implement it by listing equations for its components, and creating an instance of lbmpy.equilibrium.GenericDiscreteEquilibrium:

[3]:

def f_eq(ξ):
ξ_sum = sum(abs(ξ_i) for ξ_i in ξ)
if ξ_sum == 0:
return h * (1 - (5 * g * h) / 6 - (2 * dot(u,u)) / 3)
else:
λ = 1 if ξ_sum == 1 else sp.Rational(1, 4)
common = (g * h) / 6 + dot(ξ, u) / 3 + dot(ξ, u)**2 / 2 - dot(u,u) / 6
return λ * h * common

eq_populations = [f_eq(ξ) for ξ in d2q9]
discrete_swe_eq = GenericDiscreteEquilibrium(d2q9, eq_populations, h, u)

[4]:

discrete_swe_eq

[4]:

Instance of GenericDiscreteEquilibrium
Discrete Populations:
$f_0 = h \left(- \frac{5 g h}{6} - \frac{2 u_{0}^{2}}{3} - \frac{2 u_{1}^{2}}{3} + 1\right)$
$f_1 = h \left(\frac{g h}{6} - \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{6} + \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{3} + \frac{u_{1}}{3}\right)$
$f_2 = h \left(\frac{g h}{6} - \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{6} + \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{3} - \frac{u_{1}}{3}\right)$
$f_3 = h \left(\frac{g h}{6} + \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{3} - \frac{u_{0}}{3} - \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{6}\right)$
$f_4 = h \left(\frac{g h}{6} + \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{3} + \frac{u_{0}}{3} - \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{6}\right)$
$f_5 = \frac{h \left(\frac{g h}{6} - \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{6} - \frac{u_{0}}{3} - \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{6} + \frac{u_{1}}{3} + \frac{\left(- u_{0} + u_{1}\right)^{2}}{2}\right)}{4}$
$f_6 = \frac{h \left(\frac{g h}{6} - \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{6} + \frac{u_{0}}{3} - \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{6} + \frac{u_{1}}{3} + \frac{\left(u_{0} + u_{1}\right)^{2}}{2}\right)}{4}$
$f_7 = \frac{h \left(\frac{g h}{6} - \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{6} - \frac{u_{0}}{3} - \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{6} - \frac{u_{1}}{3} + \frac{\left(- u_{0} - u_{1}\right)^{2}}{2}\right)}{4}$
$f_8 = \frac{h \left(\frac{g h}{6} - \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{6} + \frac{u_{0}}{3} - \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{6} - \frac{u_{1}}{3} + \frac{\left(u_{0} - u_{1}\right)^{2}}{2}\right)}{4}$

## Continuous Shallow Water Equilibrium¶

The cumulant-based method uses a special form of the continuous Maxwellian equilibrium, which is adapted to the shallow water equations by redefining its squared speed of sound parameter to be $$c_s^2 = gh / 2$$:

[5]:

c_s_sq = g * h / 2
cont_sqe_eq = ContinuousHydrodynamicMaxwellian(dim=d2q9.D, rho=h, c_s_sq=c_s_sq)

[6]:

cont_sqe_eq

[6]:

 Continuous Hydrodynamic Maxwellian Equilibrium $f (h, \left( u_{0}, \ u_{1}\right), \left( v_{0}, \ v_{1}\right)) = \frac{e^{\frac{- \left(- u_{0} + v_{0}\right)^{2} - \left(- u_{1} + v_{1}\right)^{2}}{g h}}}{\pi g}$ Compressible: ✓ Deviation Only: ✗ Order: ∞

## Method Definition¶

The remaining parts of the method definition are nearly identical between both methods. Merely the collision spaces must be specified separately: CollisionSpace.CENTRAL_MOMENTS vs. CollisionSpace.CUMULANTS.

The on-line version of this notebook runs the following simulation using the central moment-based method. To activate the cumulant-based method instead, flip the switch in the next cell:

[7]:

# toggle central moment / cumulant method

cumulant_method = False

[8]:

polys = (sp.Integer(1), x, y, x * y, x**2 - y**2, x**2 + y**2, x * y**2, y * x**2, x**2 * y**2)
r_rates = [0, 0, 0, ω_s, ω_s, 1, 1, 1, 1]
rr_dict = dict(zip(polys, r_rates))

cqc = DensityVelocityComputation(d2q9, True, False,
density_symbol=h,
density_deviation_symbol=sp.Symbol('delta_h'))

if cumulant_method:
swe_eq = cont_sqe_eq
cspace = CollisionSpaceInfo(CollisionSpace.CUMULANTS)
else:
swe_eq = discrete_swe_eq
cspace = CollisionSpaceInfo(CollisionSpace.CENTRAL_MOMENTS)

swe_method = create_from_equilibrium(d2q9, swe_eq, cqc, rr_dict, cspace)

[9]:

swe_method

[9]:

 Central-Moment-Based Method Stencil: D2Q9 Zero-Centered Storage: ✗ Force Model: None
Instance of GenericDiscreteEquilibrium
Discrete Populations:
$f_0 = h \left(- \frac{5 g h}{6} - \frac{2 u_{0}^{2}}{3} - \frac{2 u_{1}^{2}}{3} + 1\right)$
$f_1 = h \left(\frac{g h}{6} - \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{6} + \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{3} + \frac{u_{1}}{3}\right)$
$f_2 = h \left(\frac{g h}{6} - \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{6} + \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{3} - \frac{u_{1}}{3}\right)$
$f_3 = h \left(\frac{g h}{6} + \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{3} - \frac{u_{0}}{3} - \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{6}\right)$
$f_4 = h \left(\frac{g h}{6} + \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{3} + \frac{u_{0}}{3} - \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{6}\right)$
$f_5 = \frac{h \left(\frac{g h}{6} - \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{6} - \frac{u_{0}}{3} - \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{6} + \frac{u_{1}}{3} + \frac{\left(- u_{0} + u_{1}\right)^{2}}{2}\right)}{4}$
$f_6 = \frac{h \left(\frac{g h}{6} - \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{6} + \frac{u_{0}}{3} - \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{6} + \frac{u_{1}}{3} + \frac{\left(u_{0} + u_{1}\right)^{2}}{2}\right)}{4}$
$f_7 = \frac{h \left(\frac{g h}{6} - \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{6} - \frac{u_{0}}{3} - \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{6} - \frac{u_{1}}{3} + \frac{\left(- u_{0} - u_{1}\right)^{2}}{2}\right)}{4}$
$f_8 = \frac{h \left(\frac{g h}{6} - \frac{u_{0}^{2}}{6} + \frac{u_{0}}{3} - \frac{u_{1}^{2}}{6} - \frac{u_{1}}{3} + \frac{\left(u_{0} - u_{1}\right)^{2}}{2}\right)}{4}$
Relaxation Info
Central Moment Eq. Value Relaxation Rate
$1$ $h$ $0$
$x$ $0$ $0$
$y$ $0$ $0$
$x y$ $0$ $\omega_{s}$
$x^{2} - y^{2}$ $0$ $\omega_{s}$
$x^{2} + y^{2}$ $g h^{2}$ $1$
$x y^{2}$ $- \frac{g h^{2} u_{0}}{2} - h u_{0} u_{1}^{2} + \frac{h u_{0}}{3}$ $1$
$x^{2} y$ $- \frac{g h^{2} u_{1}}{2} - h u_{0}^{2} u_{1} + \frac{h u_{1}}{3}$ $1$
$x^{2} y^{2}$ $\frac{g h^{2} u_{0}^{2}}{2} + \frac{g h^{2} u_{1}^{2}}{2} + \frac{g h^{2}}{6} + 3 h u_{0}^{2} u_{1}^{2} - \frac{h u_{0}^{2}}{3} - \frac{h u_{1}^{2}}{3}$ $1$

## Circular Dam Break Scenario¶

We use the method derived above to simulate a circular dam break scenario. We discretize a square domain of $$40 \times 40$$ meters using $$100 \times 100$$ lattice cells, with periodic boundary conditions. A water column of $$2.5$$ meters heights, and $$2.5$$ meters radius, is placed in the middle. Otherwise, water depth is uniformly $$0.5$$ meters. We neglect any friction due to the bed. We assume default Earth gravitational pull of $$9.81 \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$$. The simulated time step length is $$0.05$$ seconds per time step.

[10]:

L_lattice = 100 # LU
L_phys = 40 # meters
L_factor = L_phys / L_lattice # meters / lu

dt = 0.05 # seconds / step
g_phys = 9.81 # meters / second**2

g_lattice = g_phys / L_factor * dt**2 # lu / step**2
shear_rr = 1.1

[11]:

dh = ps.create_data_handling((L_lattice, L_lattice), periodicity=True,
default_target=ps.Target.CPU)

[12]:

from lbmpy.macroscopic_value_kernels import (
macroscopic_values_setter, macroscopic_values_getter)

setter = macroscopic_values_setter(swe_method,
h_field.center, u_field.center_vector,
pdf_field,
set_pre_collision_pdfs=True)

setter_kernel = ps.create_kernel(setter).compile()

getter = macroscopic_values_getter(swe_method,
h_field.center, u_field.center_vector,
pdf_field,
use_pre_collision_pdfs=True)
getter_kernel = ps.create_kernel(getter).compile()

periodic_sync = dh.synchronization_function(pdf_field.name)

[13]:

lbm_config = LBMConfig(lb_method=swe_method)
opt = LBMOptimisation(pre_simplification=True, simplification=True,
symbolic_field=pdf_field, symbolic_temporary_field=pdf_tmp_field)
lb_kernel = create_lb_function(lbm_config=lbm_config, lbm_optimisation=opt)


## Initialization of PDF field¶

[14]:

def init():
dh.fill(u_field.name, 0.0)

h_arr = dh.cpu_arrays[h.name][1:-1,1:-1]

x_c = y_c = L_phys / 2
R = 2.5
H_phys = 2.5
b_phys = 0.5

# set up column
for i in range(100):
for j in range(100):
x = L_factor * (i + 0.5)
y = L_factor * (j + 0.5)

if (x - x_c)**2 + (y - y_c)**2 <= R**2:
h_arr[i,j] = H_phys / L_factor
else:
h_arr[i,j] = b_phys / L_factor

dh.run_kernel(setter_kernel, g=g_lattice)


## Time Step¶

[15]:

def step(output=False):
periodic_sync()
if output:
dh.run_kernel(getter_kernel)
dh.run_kernel(lb_kernel, g=g_lattice, omega_s=shear_rr)
dh.swap(pdf_field.name, pdf_tmp_field.name)

h_arr = dh.cpu_arrays[h.name][1:-1,1:-1]
return L_factor * h_arr


## Simulation¶

[16]:

frames = 200
timesteps = 100
steps_per_frame = (timesteps//frames) + 1

def run():
for _ in range(steps_per_frame - 1):
step()
return step(output=True)

init()

animation = plt.surface_plot_animation(run, frames=frames, zlim=(0, 3))
set_display_mode('video')
res = display_animation(animation)
res

[16]: